Linguistic frameworks (A-level basics)

At A level, language is analysed with a set of frameworks: each one is a lens that looks at a different level of a text, from its sounds to its whole structure. Using them gives your analysis precise terms and a clear order.

Key facts

  • Lexis and semantics: the words chosen and their meanings: connotations, semantic fields, slang and jargon.
  • Grammar: how words and sentences are built: word classes, tenses, modal verbs, and sentence functions (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative).
  • Phonology: the sounds of language: alliteration, rhyme, rhythm, accent and intonation.
  • Pragmatics: meaning in context: what is implied rather than said, politeness, and how the same words can mean different things in different situations.
  • Discourse: how a whole text or conversation is organised and held together. Graphology: how a text looks: fonts, layout, colour and images.

Worked examples

Example 1

A football report uses ⟦attack⟧, ⟦defend⟧, ⟦battle⟧ and ⟦victory⟧. Which framework?

  1. The words all belong to one topic: war.
  2. A semantic field is part of lexis and semantics: it makes the match sound like a battle.

Answer: lexis and semantics

Example 2

⟦Could you possibly open the window?⟧ is used as a polite request. Which framework explains this?

  1. In form it is a question, but the speaker means it as a request.
  2. Implied meaning and politeness belong to pragmatics.

Answer: pragmatics

Example 3

What is the function of ⟦Mix the flour and the eggs.⟧?

  1. The sentence tells the reader to do something.
  2. A sentence that gives a command or instruction is imperative: typical of recipes.

Answer: imperative